The Parthenon: The Myths of Its Founding and Construction
I. Introduction
The Parthenon stands as an extraordinary architectural marvel, emblematic of ancient Greece’s cultural and artistic achievements. Erected in the 5th century BCE on the Acropolis of Athens, it not only served as a temple to the goddess Athena but also as a symbol of the city’s political power and cultural supremacy. Myths play a crucial role in ancient Greek culture, offering explanations for natural phenomena, societal customs, and monumental achievements. This article aims to delve into the myths surrounding the founding and construction of the Parthenon, unraveling the stories that have shaped its legacy.
II. Historical Background of the Parthenon
To understand the significance of the Parthenon, one must explore the political and cultural context of Athens during the 5th century BCE. This era, often referred to as the Golden Age of Athens, was marked by unprecedented advancements in philosophy, democracy, and the arts.
A. The political and cultural context of Athens in the 5th century BCE
Following the Persian Wars, Athens emerged as a dominant city-state, fostering a sense of civic pride and identity. The establishment of democracy allowed citizens to participate actively in governance, and this political climate encouraged artistic and architectural endeavors.
B. Importance of the Parthenon in Athenian society
The Parthenon served multiple purposes: it was a temple dedicated to Athena, a treasury for the Delian League, and a symbol of Athenian power and faith. Its construction represented not only a religious commitment but also a political statement of Athenian supremacy.
C. Brief overview of its architectural features and purpose
The Parthenon, designed in the Doric style, features iconic elements such as its columns and pediments. It housed a magnificent statue of Athena Parthenos, crafted by the sculptor Phidias, which stood nearly 12 meters tall and was made of gold and ivory. This architectural masterpiece was both a testament to Athenian artistry and a place for worship.
III. Mythological Origins: Athena and the Parthenon
The Parthenon is inextricably linked to the goddess Athena, whose myths are foundational to the identity of Athens.
A. The story of Athena and her role as the patron goddess of Athens
Athena was revered as the goddess of wisdom, warfare, and crafts. According to legend, she became the patron of Athens after winning the city’s patronage against Poseidon in a contest that showcased their respective gifts to the city.
B. Myths regarding the competition between Athena and Poseidon
In the myth, Poseidon struck the ground with his trident, creating a saltwater spring, while Athena offered the olive tree, symbolizing peace and prosperity. The citizens, recognizing the olive tree’s value, chose Athena, solidifying her status as the city’s protector.
C. Symbolism of the Parthenon as a tribute to Athena
The Parthenon, therefore, stands as a tribute to Athena’s wisdom and benevolence. Its very name, “Parthenon,” means “of the virgin,” reflecting her status as a maiden goddess and emphasizing purity and strength.
IV. The Vision of Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens
Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens experienced a cultural renaissance that led to the conception of the Parthenon.
A. Pericles’ influence on the decision to build the Parthenon
Pericles envisioned the Parthenon as a symbol of Athenian democracy and power. His commitment to the arts and architecture, alongside his political ambitions, led to the allocation of funds for the Parthenon’s construction, which was part of a broader plan to beautify Athens.
B. Myths surrounding the vision of a “Golden Age”
The notion of a “Golden Age” was not merely a political slogan but a deeply ingrained myth that inspired artists, philosophers, and citizens alike. It represented an era of harmony, intellectual achievement, and artistic excellence.
C. The role of democracy and art in the construction narrative
The construction of the Parthenon was a democratic endeavor, involving citizens from various strata of society. Artists and craftsmen flocked to Athens, bringing their skills to create a monument that would withstand the test of time.
V. Architectural Myths: The Design and Construction Process
Several myths have emerged around the architects and builders who contributed to the Parthenon’s construction.
A. Legends about the architects: Ictinus and Callicrates
Traditionally, Ictinus and Callicrates are credited as the architects of the Parthenon. Legends abound regarding their innovative approaches and designs, often depicting them as favored by the gods for their talent and vision.
B. Myths about the construction techniques and materials used
Ancient sources suggest that the construction of the Parthenon employed advanced techniques for its time, including the use of entasis—slight curvature in columns to correct optical illusions. Myths also speak of the quarries from which the pristine Pentelic marble was sourced, adding to the building’s divine aura.
C. The role of skilled laborers and artisans in the building process
The construction of the Parthenon was not solely the work of architects; it involved thousands of skilled laborers and artisans. Myths often romanticize these workers as demi-gods, blessed with exceptional skill and dedication, reflecting the importance of craftsmanship in ancient Greek culture.
VI. The Role of Divine Intervention and Prophecies
Throughout the construction of the Parthenon, stories of divine omens and prophecies played a significant role in shaping the narrative.
A. Stories of omens and prophecies related to the Parthenon’s construction
It is said that certain omens, such as the appearance of unusual birds or weather patterns, were interpreted as signs of Athena’s favor. These stories emphasized the belief that the gods were intimately involved in the affairs of mortals.
B. Interpretation of divine favor and its impact on the building process
The Athenians believed that receiving divine favor was crucial for the successful completion of the Parthenon. Rituals and sacrifices were performed to seek the blessings of the gods, reinforcing the connection between the temple and the divine.
C. Myths of the gods’ involvement in the completion of the Parthenon
Legends often suggest that the gods themselves oversaw the construction, guiding the hands of the builders and ensuring that the temple honored Athena’s glory. The belief in divine involvement lent the Parthenon an almost sacred status among Athenians.
VII. The Legacy of the Parthenon: Myths and Realities
The Parthenon’s legacy is deeply intertwined with the myths that surround it, influencing how it has been perceived throughout history.
A. How myths shaped the historical narrative of the Parthenon
Myths have played a pivotal role in shaping the historical narrative of the Parthenon, transforming it from a mere temple into a symbol of Athenian identity and cultural pride. These stories have been passed down through generations, enriching the monument’s significance.
B. The impact of these myths on later interpretations and restorations
Throughout its history, the Parthenon has undergone numerous restorations, each influenced by the myths and cultural values of the time. These interpretations have reflected changing perceptions of beauty, divinity, and national pride.
C. The ongoing cultural significance of the Parthenon in modern times
Today, the Parthenon remains a powerful symbol of ancient Greek culture and democracy. Its myths continue to inspire artists, writers, and thinkers, serving as a reminder of the enduring legacy of classical civilization.
VIII. Conclusion
In summary, the myths surrounding the Parthenon reveal much about ancient Greek culture, illustrating how intertwined myth and history can be. From the divine favor of Athena to the visionary leadership of
